What is a Protocol? the communications between computers on a network
What is a Protocol?A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network. These rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data transfer. See the Topology and Cabling sections of this tutorial for more information.The most common protocols are: Ethernet LocalTalk Token Ring FDDI ATM EthernetThe Ethernet protocol is by far the most widely used. Ethernet uses an access method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection). This is a system where each computer listens to the cable before sending anything through the network.
If the network is clear, the computer will transmit. If some other node is already transmitting on the cable, the computer will wait and try again when the line is clear. Sometimes, two computers attempt to transmit at the same instant. When this happens a collision occurs. Each computer then backs off and waits a random amount of time before attempting to retransmit.
With this access method, it is normal to have collisions. However, the delay caused by collisions and retransmitting is very small and does not normally effect the speed of transmission on the network. The Ethernet protocol allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies. Data can be transmitted over twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable at a speed of 10 Mbps. Fast EthernetTo allow for an increased speed of transmission, the Ethernet protocol has developed a new standard that supports 100 Mbps.
This is commonly called Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet requires the use of different, more expensive network concentrators/hubs and network interface cards. In addition, category 5 twisted pair or fiber optic cable is necessary. Fast Ethernet is becoming common in schools that have been recently wired.Gigabit Ethernet The most recent development in the Ethernet standard is a protocol that has a transmission speed of 1 Gbps. Gigabit Ethernet is primarily used for backbones on a network at this time.
In the future, it will probably be used for workstation and server connections also. It can be used with both fiber optic cabling and copper. The 1000BaseTX, the copper cable used for Gigabit Ethernet, is expected to become the formal standard in 1999.LocalTalkLocalTalk is a network protocol that was developed by Apple Computer, Inc. for Macintosh computers. The method used by LocalTalk is called CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance).
It is similar to CSMA/CD except that a computer signals its intent to transmit before it actually does so. LocalTalk adapters and special twisted pair cable can be used to connect a series of computers through the serial port. The Macintosh operating system allows the establishment of a peer-to-peer network without the need for additional software. With the addition of the server version of AppleShare software, a client/server network can be established. The LocalTalk protocol allows for linear bus, star, or tree topologies using twisted pair cable.
A primary disadvantage of LocalTalk is speed. Its speed of transmission is only 230 Kbps. Token RingThe Token Ring protocol was developed by IBM in the mid-1980s. The access method used involves token-passing. In Token Ring, the computers are connected so that the signal travels around the network from one computer to another in a logical ring.
A single electronic token moves around the ring from one computer to the next. If a computer does not have information to transmit, it simply passes the token on to the next workstation. If a computer wishes to transmit and receives an empty token, it attaches data to the token. The token then proceeds around the ring until it comes to the computer for which the data is meant. At this point, the data is captured by the receiving computer.
The Token Ring protocol requires a star-wired ring using twisted pair or fiber optic cable. It can operate at transmission speeds of 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps. Due to the increasing popularity of Ethernet, the use of Token Ring in school environments has decreased. FDDIFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a network protocol that is used primarily to interconnect two or more local area networks, often over large distances. The access method used by FDDI involves token-passing.
FDDI uses a dual ring physical topology. Transmission normally occurs on one of the rings; however, if a break occurs, the system keeps information moving by automatically using portions of the second ring to create a new complete ring. A major advantage of FDDI is speed. It operates over fiber optic cable at 100 Mbps.ATMAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol that transmits data at a speed of 155 Mbps and higher. ATM works by transmitting all data in small packets of a fixed size; whereas, other protocols transfer variable length packets.
ATM supports a variety of media such as video, CD-quality audio, and imaging. ATM employs a star topology, which can work with fiber optic as well as twisted pair cable.ATM is most often used to interconnect two or more local area networks. It is also frequently used by Internet Service Providers to utilize high-speed access to the Internet for their clients. As ATM technology becomes more cost-effective, it will provide another solution for constructing faster local area networks. isJustFreehttp://www.isjustfree.com/free/family_freebies-free.htm" class="links">Real Family Freebieshttp://www.isjustfree.com/free/latest_freebies-free.htm" class="links">free stuff from the USAhttp://www.isjustfree.com/free/free_surveys_us-free.htm" class="links">Best Surveys for Cah Rewardshttp://www.isjustfree.com/free/ringtones-free.htm" class="links">Real Free Ringtones and Logoshttp://www.isjustfree.com/win/free_contests_us-win.htm" class="links">Win Free Prizes with the latest free contests
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Artificial Intelligence and Music Cognition Company MusicGenome Introduces the Smart DJ -- a New Innovative Fun Product for the Global Cellular Market
Ramat Gan, Israel (ContentDesk) February 7, 2006 -- MusicGenome, the leading expert in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Music Cognition, announced today the release of Smart DJ -- a new innovative fun product for the global cellular market. Smart DJ offers 3G mobile phone users the ultimate in digital music experience, by creating a new online entertainment service that accurately analyzes listeners' music preferences and then delivers a stream of mp3 songs totally in-sync with the listener's taste with 80% success rate -- higher than all competing methods including technologies based on analyzing music parameters or Collaborative Filtering.
Acting as a personal music agent, it proposes play lists that can be cross-genre or targeted to a specific mood and atmosphere. Based on Artificial Intelligence technology Smart DJ simulates each user's taste and delivers the music that s/he...
Ringtones > Artificial Intelligence and Music Cognition Company MusicGenome Introduces the Smart DJ -- a New Innovative Fun Product for the Global Cellular Market
Sumea to Launch Survivor Mobile Game for the New Nokia 3220
Sumea Interactive today announced the launch of the Survivor mobile game, based on Castaway Television Productions' international hit TV show Survivor. Castaway has granted Sumea exclusive rights to Survivor-branded mobile games throughout EMEA, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Sumea's Survivor mobile game includes the all-embracing adventure aspects of the Survivor format, featuring exceptionally smooth gameplay and amazing graphics. The game will be available in Q3, 2004 exclusively at www.nokia.com/shop and at Nokia Software Market, www.softwaremarket.nokia.com."Proving their creativity and gaming design expertise, Sumea have brought the Survivor TV brand into a compelling, visually intriguing and easy-to-learn mobile game. The Survivor mobile game is ideally positioned to attract millions of casual gamers worldwide," said Julia Dick, Business Developer of Castaway...
Sumea to Launch Survivor Mobile Game for the New Nokia 3220
Ringtones > Sumea to Launch Survivor Mobile Game for the New Nokia 3220
Naks Mobile Offers Mobile Content from Ogie Alcasid to Mobile Phone Users in the US
WILTON, CT (ContentDesk via ContentDesk Direct) July 17, 2006 -- Next Ideas Inc., operator of Naks Mobile (http://www.naksmobile.com), the first mobile entertainment service for Filipinos living in the US, has signed an agreement with leading Filipino composer and vocalist Ogie Alcasid to produce and distribute Ogies content to mobile phone users.
As part of the agreement, Ogie, who also hosts several popular TV shows in the Philippines such as "Bubble Gang" and "SOP" on the GMA network, will provide ringtones, voicemail greetings, screensavers, wallpapers, themes and SMS infotainment text alerts.
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The Sunset Online Store Ready to Distribute the Brand New Line of "Classic Concert Tee's" by Teaming With the Tunes Company
(ContentDesk) November 1, 2005 -- Sunset Records Group jumps into music merchandising by teaming up with The Tunes Company for the licensing of a brand new line of "Classic Concert Tee's." This retro style of clothing and recognizable licensed artwork features The Grateful Dead, Joan Baez, John Coltrane, Santana, The Yardbirds, The Doors, Miles Davis, The Eagles, Theloniuos Monk, Bob Marley and The Wailers, Cheech and Chong, C.S.N.Y. and 34 famous concert designs are now available in the Sunset Online Store catalog of Web Gear. The officially licensed artwork are directly from the original concert posters from timeless shows from Antones in Austin, the Village Vanguard in New York City, The Cow Palace in San Francisco, let alone from famous music festivals like the Peace Concert, The Day On The Green, Willie Nelson's 4th Of July Picnic and many more shows and festivals from back in the sixties and seventies. This officially licensed work are all from legendary rock art officialdoms,...
The Sunset Online Store Ready to Distribute the Brand New Line of "Classic Concert Tee's" by Teaming With the Tunes Company
Ringtones > The Sunset Online Store Ready to Distribute the Brand New Line of "Classic Concert Tee's" by Teaming With the Tunes Company
Free Arabic Ringtones
The ringtone has become a remarkable cultural tool that is enjoying a great deal of popularity worldwide. Users in different parts of the world like to use their specific languages and music to personalize their mobile content. Today, Arabic ringtones have become a form of great entertainment and a way to show you ethnicity.
Normally, Arabic music that is popular all over the world is the favorite choice of many Arabic speaking mobile users. The favorite artists being Ya Tabtab by Nancy Airam, Dana, Amr Diab, Samira Saeed, Ihab Tawfic, Arwa, Elissa, Assi Al Hellani, Grace Deeb, Ilham Al Madfai,
Umkulthoum, Majed Al Mohandis, and many more. But the Arabic language is not just confined to Saudi Arabia and the surrounding areas.
In fact, the northern Africa has a large Arabic speaking population, which further mixes with the local ethnic culture resulting in cross cultural language usage. This is also evident in the types of ringtones available. For example...
Free Arabic Ringtones
Ringtones > Free Arabic Ringtones
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